OMAYRA MULERO-CARRILLO; AGUSTÍN R. BENÍTEZ-DÍAZ; LARA VÁ ZQUEZ-VÁZQUEZ; OMAR GUERRERO-DÍAZ; DENISE GONZÁ LEZSANTANA; YOHANNA SANTANA-IRIZARRY; SAMIR CRESPO-NIEVES; OMAR A. CRESPO-NIEVES; ANDY MELÉ NDEZ-ZAYAS; JOSÉ DANIEL CRUZ-GONZÁLEZ; MELISSA GRAFALS-PÉREZ; LEONARDO CRUZ-FLORES; Á NGEL I. FLORES-LUGO; REBECA VERA-SOTO; VERÓ NICA LÓ PEZTORRES; FERNANDO VALENTÍN-GONZÁLEZ; CARLOS J. SANTIAGOAROCHO; MARITERE BABILONIA; GERARD BELTRE-TAVÁ REZ; GERARDO J. LÓPEZ-CEPERO-MONTES, Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
ALEJANDRO ROMÁN-HERNÁNDEZ, individually and as President of the P.R. Medical Board of Licensure and Discipline; VICTORIANO QUINTANA; AGUSTÍN VIDAL; POLICEMAN EDWIN MEJÍAS; DR. JOSÉ IBÁÑEZ; JUAN GONZÁLEZ; RAFAEL FERNÁNDEZ; MIGUEL TALAVERA; P.R. BOARD OF MEDICAL LICENSURE & DISCIPLINE, Defendants, Appellees
As corrected June 26, 2015.
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO. Hon. José Antonio Fusté, U.S. District Judge.
Carlos A. Del Valle-Cruz, with whom Armando Lamourt were on brief, for appellants.
Susana I. Peñagarícano-Brown, Assistant Solicitor General, with whom Margarita L. Mercado-Echegaray, Solicitor General, were on brief, for appellees.
Before Torruella, Thompson, and Barron, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
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TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiffs-Appellants are twenty graduates from medical schools outside of the United States who are ineligible to receive a medical license in Puerto Rico because they failed the Puerto Rico Medical Licensing Examination (the " PRMLE" ). They challenge the validity of the PRMLE's purportedly arbitrary passing score via this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, alleging that Defendants-Appellees -- the Puerto Rico Board of Medical Licensure and Discipline (the " Board" ) and eight of its officers (the " Officers," and together with the Board, " Defendants" ), in their official and individual capacities -- violated the Plaintiffs' due process and equal ...